Essay about Three Main Approaches to Public Administration

The three approaches to public administration are political, managerial, and legal. In the political approach, political authority is divided between a central government and the provincial or state governments. This means that some provinces or states are accorded a substantial measure of constitutional or legal sovereignty, although they still remain subordinates of the central government in certain constitutional or legal respects. The political approach promotes the political values of military strength, economic development, union, and representation. In addition, it is characterized by three central features: state sovereignty, bicameralism, and multiple layers of representation. State sovereignty means that the states would†¦show more content†¦One of the advantages of the managerial approach is that it enables the government to adapt to regional or local conditions, especially given that the various regions in a large nation such as the United States would likely have different physical characteristics in terms of their hydrology, topography, and climate. In addition, a managerial or decentralized approach enables the government to keep its span of control manageable, that is, the number of subordinates that report to an administrative official is reduced. In turn, this enables an administrative official to more effectively supervise their subordinates. Even with a decentralized approach, it may still be possible to implement national guidelines to local conditions. In sum, the managerial approach promotes the managerial values of economy, efficiency, responsiveness to clients and customers, and administrative effectiveness. Finally, the legal approach ensures that the entire nation is integrated or kept together by the constitutional law despite the decentralization of administrative authority, which enables different states and administrative units to impose different laws. In particular, it is possible for the autonomy of the various administrative units to impede national economic development and to lead to the violation of individual rights and standards of decency. In this regard, theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Approaches to Public Administration840 Words   |  4 Pages| Approaches to Public Administration | | | Reuby Benson | 3/18/2012 | | There are different approaches to running a government. There are those that believe that the government should be run like a private business. Then there are those that believe in representativeness and the separation of powers that rest in the government to properly operate the government. 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The second is society in which organisation do somethingRead MoreStudy Of Public Policy Making And Discuss And Explain The Policy Categories Listed Below1652 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide definitions of the following theoretical approaches to the study of public policy making and discuss and explain the policy categories listed below. You must cite an example for each of the policy category types. A. Policy Theoretical Approaches: †¢ Group theory- public policy is the product of the group struggle. Some public policies are born out of group struggle. When a group seeks government intervention it becomes an interest group. The main requirement is for the group to have access

The History of Slavery in the Americas - 732 Words

Europeans expansion of their empires lacked one major resource, strong, hardworking people. Most times the native people had proved to be an unreliable source of work. Most of the natives were dying from diseases, and Europeans were unfit to the climate and suffered from tropical diseases. Africans were excellent workers. They had experience of agriculture and keeping cattle. They were used to a tropical climate and hot climates. They were also failure with tropical diseases, and they could work very hard on plantations and in mines. In the early 17th century, European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as an inexpensive, harder labored source, much better than indentured servants (who were mostly poor Europeans). In 1619, a Dutch ship brought 20 African Americans to the British colonies of Jamestown, Virginia, Charleston, and mostly any other big cities on the cost. Slavery spread throughout the American colonies pretty fast. It is impossible to give an exact number, but some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million slaves were imported to the Americas during the 18th century alone. They took some of Africa’s healthiest and most capable men and women. The first stage of the Triangular Trade involved taking manufactured goods from Europe and to Africa. They sent goods like cloth, tobacco, beads, metal goods, and guns. The guns were used to help expand European empires and capture more slaves. They were helpful until the Africans got hold of it, thenShow MoreRelatedEssay about History of Slavery in America1731 Words   |  7 Pages Just because we don’t hear it every day doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist. I decided to do Slave Rights to remind people that there is still slavery in the world today. If people are educated about the past then they may not make the same mistakes in the future. It has been postulated that ancient civilizations would not have developed had it not been for slavery. 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Unless there are slaves to do the ugly, horrible, uninteresting work, culture and contemplation become almost impossible.† - OSCAR WILDE, The Soul of Man Under Socialism ! The issue of slavery has been debated for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. It is of undisputed awareness that the act of enslaving another man or women is to strip them of their civil and natural liberties. It is alsoRead MoreThe Gap Between Africa And Afro America1099 Words   |  5 Pagesand Afro-America and the gap between the living and the dead and the gap between the past and the present does not exist. It s bridged for us by our assuming responsibility for people no one s ever assumed responsibility for. Slavery may be buried within the history books in our libraries, but America itself is not free because it is still afraid of reading about slavery and shies away from the topic. 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There are accounts of slavery in Babylon, Greece, and Rome, all occurring before the Common Era; but there was a major change during the year 1619 in the way slavery was implemented. This form of slavery was known as chattel slavery. Defined as â€Å"A civil relationship in which one person has absolute power over the life, fortune, and liberty of another† (Legal-dictionary.com), chattel slavery targeted African slaves that were broughtRead M oreThe Challenges African Americans Faced in America963 Words   |  4 PagesFaced In America Raymon Rice ETH125 March 11, 2012 The Challenges African Americans Faced In America African Americans had a turbulent history in the United States ever since they were brought to the country as slaves. â€Å"Slavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco. (Slavery in America, 2012) During the 17th and 18th centuries, slavery was practiced

Night World Secret Vampire Chapter 10 Free Essays

Things have to be right,† Poppy said. â€Å"Things have to be just right for this. Get some candles, Phil. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Phil was looking ashen and haggard. â€Å"Candles?† â€Å"As many as you can find. And some pillows. I need lots of pillows.† She knelt by the stereo to examine a haphazard pile of CDs. Phil stared at herbriefly, then went out. † Structures from Silence . . .no. Too repetitious,†Poppy said, rummaging through the pile.† Deep Forest-no.Too hyper. I need somethingambient.† â€Å"How about this?† James picked a CD up. Poppylooked at the label. Music to Disappear In. Of course. It was perfect. Poppy took the CD andmet James’s gaze. Usually he referred to the hauntingsoft strains of ambient music as ‘New Age mush.’ â€Å"You understand,† she said quietly. â€Å"Yes. But you’re not dying, Poppy. This isn’t adeath scene you’re setting up.† â€Å"But I’m going away. I’m changing.† Poppy couldn’t explain exactly, but something in her saidshe was doing the right thing. She was dying to her old life. It was a solemn occasion, a Passage. And of course, although neither of them mentioned it, they both knew shemightdie for good.James had been very frank about that-some peopledidn’t make it through the transition. Phil came back with candles, Christmas candles,emergency candles, scented votive candles. Poppy directed him to place them around the room and lightthem. She herself went to the bathroom to change into her best nightgown. It was flannel, with a pattern of little strawberries. Just imagine, she thought as she left the bathroom.This is the last time I’ll ever walk down this hall, thelast time I’ll push open my bedroom door. The bedroom was beautiful. The soft glow of candlelight gave it an aura of sanctity, of mystery. Themusic was unearthly and sweet, and Poppy felt shecould fall into it forever, the way she fe!l in herdreams. Poppy opened the closet and used a hanger to bata tawny stuffed lion and a floppy gray Eeyore down from the top shelf. She took them to her bed and put them beside the mounded pillows. Maybe it wasstupid, maybe it was childish, but she wanted themwith her. She sat on the bed and looked at James and Phillip. They were both looking at her. Phil was dearly upset,touching his mouth to stop its trembling. James wasupset, too, although only someone who knew him aswell as Poppy did would have been able to tell. â€Å"It’s all right,† Poppy told them. â€Å"Don’t you see?I’mall right, so there’s no excuse for you not to be.† And the strange thing was, it was the truth. Shewas all right. She felt calm and clear now, as if everything had become very simple. She saw the road ahead of her, and all she had to do was follow it, step by step. Phil came over to squeeze her hand. â€Å"How does this how does this work?† he asked James huskily. â€Å"First we’ll exchange blood,† James said-speaking to Poppy. Looking only at her. â€Å"It doesn’t haveto be a lot; you’re right on the border ofchangingalready. Then the two kinds of blood fight it outsort of the last battle, if you see what I mean.† He smiled faintly and painfully, and Poppy nodded. â€Å"While that’s happening you’ll feel weaker andweaker. And then you’ll just go to sleep. Thechange happens while you’re asleep.† â€Å"And when do I wake up?† Poppy asked. â€Å"I’ll give you a kind of posthypnotic suggestion about that. Tell you to wake up whenI come to getyou. Don’t worry about it; I’ve got all the detailsfigured out. All you need to do is rest.† Phil was running nervous hands through his hair,as if he was just now thinking about what kind ofdetails he and James were going to have to deal with. â€Å"Wait a minute,† he said in almost a croak. â€Å"When—— whenyou say ‘sleep’-she’s going to look†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Dead,† Poppy supplied, when his voice ran out. James gave Phil a cold look. â€Å"Yes. We’ve beenover this.† â€Å"And then-we’re really going to-what’s going tohappento her?† James glared. â€Å"It’s okay,† Poppy said softly. â€Å"Tell him.† â€Å"You know what’s going to happen,† James saidthrough clenched teeth to Phillip. â€Å"She can’t just dis appear. We’d have the policeandthe Night peo pleafter us, looking for her. No, it’s got to seem that shedied from the cancer, and that means everything’s got to happen exactly the way it would if she haddied. Phil’s sick expression said he wasn’t at his mostrational. â€Å"You’re sure there isn’t any other way?† â€Å"No,†James said. Phil wet his lips. â€Å"Oh, God.† Poppy herself didn’t want to dwell on it too much.She said fiercely,†Dealwith it, Phil. You’ve got to. And remember, if it doesn’t happen now it’s goingto happen in a few weeks-for real.† Phil was holding on to one of the brass bedpostsso hard that his knuckles were pale. But he’d gottenthe point, and there was no one better than Phil atbracing himself. â€Å"You’re right,† he saidthinly, with the ghost of his old efficient manner. â€Å"Okay, I’m dealing with it.† ‘Then let’s get started,† Poppy said, making hervoice calm and steady. As if she were dealing witheverything effortlessly herself. James said to Phil, â€Å"You don’t want to see thispart. Go out and watch TV for a few minutes.† Phil hesitated, then nodded and left. â€Å"One thing,† Poppy said to James as she scootedto the middle_ of the bed. She was still trying desperately to sound casual. â€Å"After the funeral-well, I’ll be asleep, won’t I? I won’t wake up †¦ you know.In my nice little coffin.† She looked up at him. â€Å"It’s just that I’m claustrophobic, a little.† â€Å"You won’t wake up there,† James said. â€Å"Poppy,I wouldn’t let that happen to you. Trust me; I’ve thought of everything.† Poppy nodded. I do trust you, she thought. Then she held her arms out to him. He touched her neck, so she tilted her chin back.As the blood was drawn from her, she felt her mind drawn into his. Don’t worry, Poppy. Don’t be afraid. Allhis thoughtswere ferociously protective. And even though it onlyconfirmed that there was something to be afraidof,that this could go wrong, Poppy felt peaceful. Thedirect sense of his love made her calm, flooded her with light. She suddenly felt distance and height and depthspaciousness. As if her horizons had expanded almostto infinity in an instant. As if she’d discovered a new dimension.Asif there were no limits or obstacles to what she and James could do together. She felt †¦ free. I’m getting light-headed, she realized. She couldfeel herself going limp in James’s arms. Swooninglike a wilting flower. I’vetaken enough,James said in her mind.Thewarmanimalmouth on her throat pulled back.†Now it’s your turn.† This time, though, he didn’t make the cut at hiswrist. He took off his T-shirt and, with a quick, impulsive gesture, ran a fingernail along the base of his throat. Oh, Poppy thought. Slowly, almost reverently, she leaned forward. James’s hand supported the back ofher head. Poppy put her arms around him, feelinghis bare skin under the flannel of her nightgown. It was better this way. But if James was right, itwas another last time. She and James could neverexchange blood again. I can’t accept that, Poppythought, but she couldn’tconcentrate on anything for very long. This time, instead of clearing her brain, the wild, intoxicatingvampire blood was making her more confused. Moreheavy and sleepy. James? It’s all right. It’s the beginning of the change. Heavy†¦sleepy†¦warm. Lapped in salty oceanwaves. She could almost picture the vampire bloodtrickling through her veins, conquering everything inits path. It was ancient blood, primeval. It was changing her into something old, something that had been around since the dawn of time. Something primitive and basic. Every molecule in her body, changing†¦ Poppy, can you hear me?James was shaking herslightly. Poppy had been so engrossed in the sensations that she hadn’t even realized she wasn’t drinking any longer. James was cradling her. â€Å"Poppy.† It was an effort to open her eyes. â€Å"I’m all right. Just†¦ sleepy.† His arms tightened around her, then he laid hergently on the mounded pillows. â€Å"You can rest now. I’ll get Phil.† But before he went, he kissed her on the forehead. My first kiss, Poppy thought, her eyes drifting shutagain. And I’m comatose. Great. She felt the bed give under weight and looked upto see Phil. Phil looked very nervous, sitting gingerly,staring at Poppy. â€Å"So what’s happening now?† heasked. â€Å"The vampire blood’s taking over,† James said. Poppy said, â€Å"I’m really sleepy.† There was no pain. Just a feeling of wanting toglide away. Her body now felt warm and numb, asif she were insulated by a soft, thick aura. â€Å"Phil? I forgot to say-thank you. For helping out.And everything. You’re a good brother, Phil.† â€Å"You don’t have to say that now,† Phil said tersely. â€Å"You can say it later. I’m still going to be here later,you know.† But I might not be, Poppy thought. This is all a gamble. And I’d never take it, except that the only alternative was to give up without even trying to fight. I fought, didn’t I? At least I fought. â€Å"Yes, you did,† Phil said, his voice trembling.Poppy hadn’t been aware she was speaking aloud.†You’ve always been a fighter,† Phil said. â€Å"I’velearned so much from you.† Which was funny, because she’d learned so muchfrom him,even if most of it was in the last twenty four hours. She wanted to tell him that, but therewas so much to say, and she was so tired. Her tongue felt thick; her whole body weak and languorous. â€Å"Just†¦hold my hand,† she said, and she couldhear that her voice was no louder than a breath.Phillip took one of her hands and James the other. That was good. This was the way to do it, withEeyore and her lion on the pillows beside her andPhil and James holding her hands, keeping her safe and anchored. One of the candles was scented with vanilla, awarm and homey smell. A smell that reminded herof being a kid. Nilla wafers and naptime. That waswhat this was like. Just a nap in Miss Spurgeon’s kindergarten, with the sun slanting across the floorand James on a mat beside her. So safe, so serene†¦ â€Å"Oh, Poppy,† Phil whispered. James said, â€Å"You’re doing great, kiddo. Everything’s just right.† That was what Poppy needed to hear. She let herself fall backward into the music, and it waslike falling in a dream, without fear. It was like being a raindrop falling into the ocean that had started you. At the last moment she thought, I’m not ready. But she already knew the answer to that. Nobodywas ever ready. But she’d been stupid-she’d forgotten the mostimportant thing. She’d never told James she lovedhim. Not even when he’d said he loved her. She tried to get enough air, enough strength to sayit. But it was too late. The outside world was goneand she couldn’t feel her body any longer. She was floating in the darkness and the music, and all she could do now was sleep. â€Å"Sleep,† James said, leaning dose to Poppy. â€Å"Don’twake up until I call you. Just sleep.† Every muscle in Phil’s body was rigid. Poppylooked so peaceful-pale, with her hair spread out incoppery curls on the pillow, and her eyelashes blackon her cheeks and her lips parted as she breathedgently. She looked like a porcelain baby doll. But the more peaceful she got, the more terrified Phil felt. I can deal with this, he told himself.I haveto. Poppy gave a soft exhalation, and then suddenlyshe was moving. Her chest heaved once, twice. Herhand tightened on Phil’s and her eyes flew openbut she didn’t seem to be seeing anything. She simply looked astonished. â€Å"Poppyl† Phil grabbed at her, getting a handful offlannel nightgown. She was so small and fragile in side it. â€Å"Poppyl† The heaving gasps stopped. For one moment Poppywas suspended in air, then her eyes closed and shefell back on the pillows. Her hand was limp in Phil’s. Phil lost all rationality. â€Å"Poppy,† he said, hearing the dangerous, unbalanced tone in his own voice. â€Å"Poppy, come on.Poppy, wake up!†-on a rising note. His hands were shaking violently, scrabbling at Poppy’s shoulders. Other hands pushed his away. â€Å"What the hell areyou doing?† James said quietly. â€Å"Poppy? Poppy?† Phil kept staring at her. Herchest wasn’t moving. Her face had a look of-innocent release. The kind of newness you only see inbabies. And it was-changing. Taking on a white, transparent look. It was uncanny, ghostlike, and even though Phil had never seen a corpse, he knew instinctively that this was the death pallor. Poppy’s essence had left her. Her body was flat andtoneless, no longer inflated by the vital spirit. Herhand in Phil’s was slack, not like the hand of a sleeping person. Her skin had lost its shine, as if somebodyhad breathed on it softly. Phil threw back his head and let out an animalsound. It wasn’t human. It was a howl. â€Å"You killed her!† He tumbled off the bed andlurched toward James. â€Å"You said she was just goingto sleep, but you killed herl She’s dead!† James didn’t back away from the attack. Instead,he grabbed Phil and dragged him out intothe hallway. â€Å"Hearing is the last sense to go,† he snarled inPhillip’s ear. â€Å"She may be able tohear you.† Phil wrenched free and ran toward the living room. He didn’t know what he was doing, he only knew that he needed to destroy things. Poppy wasdead. She was gone. He grabbed the couch andflipped it over, then kicked the coffee table over, too. He snatched up a lamp, yanked its cord out of thesocket, and threw it toward the fireplace. â€Å"Stop it!† James shouted over the crash. Phil sawhim and ran at him. The sheer force of his charge knocked James backward into the wall. They fell tothe floor together in a heap. â€Å"You-killed her!† Phil gasped, trying to get hishands around James’s throat. Silver.James’s eyes blazed like the molten metal.He grabbed Phil’s wrists in a painful grip. â€Å"Stop itnow,Phillip,† he hissed. Something about the way he said it made Phil stop.Almost sobbing, he struggled to get air into his lungs. â€Å"I’ll killyouif I have to, to keep Poppy safe,† James said, his voice still savage and menacing. â€Å"And she’sonly safe if you stop this and do exactly what I tell youto.Exactlywhat I tell you. Understand?† He shook Philhard, nearly banging Phil’s head into the wall. Strangely enough, it was the right thing to say.James was saying he cared about Poppy. And weird as it might sound, Phil had come to trust James to tell the truth. The raging red insanity in Phil’s brain died away. He took a long breath. â€Å"Okay. I understand,† he said hoarsely. He was used to being in charge-both of himself and of otherpeople. He didn’t like James giving him orders. Butin this case there was no help for it. â€Å"But-she isdead, isn’t she?† â€Å"It depends on your definition,† James said, lettinggo and slowly pushing himself off the floor. Hescanned the living room, his mouth grim. â€Å"Nothingwent wrong, Phil. Everything went just the way itwas supposed to-except for this. I was going to letyour parents come back and find her, but we don’thave that option now. There isn’t any way to explain this mess, except the.truth.† â€Å"The truth being?† â€Å"That you went in there and found her dead andwent berserk. And then I called your parents-you know what restaurant they’re at, don’t you?† â€Å"It’s Valentino’s. My mom said they were lucky toget in.† â€Å"Okay. That’ll work. But first we have to clean upthe bedroom. Get all the candles and stuff out. It’sgot to look as if she just went to sleep, like anyother night.† Phil glanced at the sliding glass door. It was justgetting dark. But then Poppy had been sleeping a lotthese last few days. â€Å"We’ll say she got tired and toldus to go watch TV,† he said slowly, trying to conquer his dazed feeling and be clearheaded. â€Å"And then Iwent in after a while and checked on her.† â€Å"Right,† James said, with a faint smile that didn’treach his eyes. It didn’t take long to clear out the bedroom. Thehardest thing was that Phil had to keep looking atPoppy, and every time he looked, his heart lurched.She looked so tiny, so delicate-limbed. A Christmas angel in June. He hated to take the stuffed animals away fromher. â€Å"She is going to wake up, isn’t she?† he said, without looking at James. â€Å"God, I hope so,† James said, and his voice wasvery tired. It sounded more like a prayer than a wish.†If she doesn’t you won’t have to come after me witha stake, Phil. I’ll take care of it myself.† Phil was shocked-and angry. â€Å"Don’t be stupid,†he said brutally. â€Å"If Poppy stood for anything-if she standsfor anything-it’s for life. Throwing your life away would be like a slap in her face. Besides, evenif it goes wrong now, you did your best. Blaming yourself is just stupid.† James looked at him blankly, and Phil realizedthey’d managed to surprise each other. Then Jamesnodded slowly. â€Å"Thanks.† It was a milestone, the first time they’d ever beenon precisely the same wavelength. Phillip felt an oddconnection between them. He looked away and said briskly, â€Å"Is it time to callthe restaurant?† James glanced at his watch. â€Å"In just a fewminutes.† â€Å"If we wait too long they’re going to have left bythe time we call.† â€Å"That doesn’tmatter.What matters is that we don’t have any paramedics trying to resuscitate her, or taking her to the hospital. Which means she’s gotto be cold by the time anybody gets here.† Phil felt a wave of dizzy horror. â€Å"You’re a coldblooded snake after all.† â€Å"I’m just practical,† James said wearily, as if speaking to a child. He touched one of Poppy’s marblewhite hands where it lay on the bedspread. â€Å"Allright. It’s time. I’m going to call. You can go berserkagain if you want to.† Phil shook his head. He didn’t have the energyanymore. But he did feel like crying, which was al most as good. Crying and crying like a kid who was lost and hurt. â€Å"Get my mom,† he said thickly. He knelt on the floor beside Poppy’s bed andwaited. Poppy’s music was off and he could hear theTV in the family room. He had no sense of time passing until he also heard a car in the driveway. Then he leaned his forehead against Poppy’s mattress. His tears were absolutely genuine. At that moment he was sure he’d lost her forever. â€Å"Brace yourself,† James said from behind him.†They’re here.† How to cite Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 10, Essay examples

Ethics and Sustainability for Allowances -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Sustainability for Bonuses and Allowances. Answer: Introduction: Equal pay for Equal work is considered as concept which highlights the rights of labor, as workers working in the same workplace must get equal pay. Generally, it is an issue related to sexual discrimination in context of Gender pay gap. Equal pay is considered as complete range of payments and benefits which include basic pay of employee, non-salary payments, and bonuses and allowances. There are number of countries which address this problem in effective manner (Joseph, n.d.). Act related to the equal pay requires that both men and women working at the same workplace must get equal pay for equal work. Jobs done by them must be equal but there is no such requirement which state that job must be identical. If there is any such inequality in wages between the men and women, then employer has no right to reduce the wages of either sex for the purpose of equalize their pay (SMH, 2010). This paper states the regulations, law and business ethics related to the business organization, and it also demonstrates the understanding related to the values adopted by the organization for the purpose of supporting ethical decision making. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Equal pay regulations law: In Australia, laws related to the equal opportunity are operated at the federal and state/territory levels. These laws restrict the treatment which is unfair and unfavorable, with any person in the organization who belongs to any specific group of people or because such person have a specific characteristic or element. Unlawful discrimination at the workplace on the basis of sex of the person is restricted by the federal Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth). Laws related to equal opportunities also provide protection to other type of workers (Huamn rights, n.d.; WGEA, n.d.). Direct discrimination: Organization cannot treat any of its employees of one sex in less favorable manner as compared to other employee of different sex, either in similar situations or in those situations which are not materially different. Therefore, it is important for the organization to identify any existing gender pay gaps and take actions to close these gaps, otherwise organization bear the risk of a claim related to the sex discrimination. This can be understood through example, in direct sex discrimination organization offer higher starting salary to the male graduate but lower starting salary to the female graduate for the similar work. Indirect discrimination: Organizations are under obligation to make sure that they are not imposing any condition, requirement, or practice which is unreasonable in nature. If any gender pay gaps are exists in the organization, then it is necessary to access whether there are any practices exists at the workplace which have uneven on one sex, and whether these practices are reasonable in nature. This can be understood through example, indirect sex discrimination exists when organization impose any such condition in which only full-time employees can take part in the discretionary bonus scheme of the company, and this condition is applicable in those situations when organization has more number of women employees on part-time basis as compared to male employees (FWO, n.d.). General protections: There are numbers of general protections which are introduced by the Fair Work Act 2009 for the purpose of provide protection to the employees, and this includes: Employees get protection from being treated in adverse manner because they exercise or want to exercise any workplace right, such as they want to take benefit of the parental leave. Employees also get protection from the practices of unlawful discrimination. It must be noted that, general protection laws apply in same manner as equal opportunity laws applied to the wide range of workers including other workers also. Organizations must fulfill their duties carefully under the Fair Work Act 2009 while making their decisions. Equal remunerations provisions under the Fair Work act 2009 states, power is imposing under the Fair Work Commission to make any order they consider right against an employer, if they believe that equal remuneration for equal work is not paid in the organization. This can be understood through example; the Fair Work Commission has power to make order for changing the pay rates stated in the awards and enterprise agreements (FWO, n.d.). It must be noted that in case organization fail to comply with the provisions and regulations related to the equal remuneration then Fair Work commission has power to make order which impose penalties on the organization. Requirements related to reporting stated under the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 (Cth), organization engaged in non-public sector with more than 100 employees must report to the agency in context of six gender equality indicators. Equal remuneration to both men and women requires that organization must report on whether it frames any formal policy or strategy related to the remuneration. Organization must ensure that they include objectives related to gender pay equity in remuneration policy and strategy. Organization is also under obligation to ensure whether they conduct gender remuneration gap analysis on timely basis and if any issues are identified in this analysis then take appropriate action on the same (Mondaq, 2012). Business ethics related to equal pay: Ethics in business are referred as rules and patterns related to the behavior, and these rules and patters are useful when any job in the organization is conducted by management. Ethics related to business also highlight honesty, trust, respect, and fair treatment in all business relations (Workplace ethics advice, 2011). Business life throws different challenges related to the moral dilemmas such as accepting a holiday gift from the company from which person purchased goods or sell those products to the customers that they actually need instead of those products which include higher commission. Ethics related to work has been increasingly important now a day in the literature of the management and business life. Interest of ethics in business culture can be understood through socioeconomic changes and also changes occurred in the dominant values, principles, norms, etc. related to business management approaches. Ethics related to business and management fields has related to the: Requirements related to the economic, technological, and legal requirements. Responsibility related to environment and society. If there is no obligation related to above areas then optional implementation of moral principles in the organization (Bloom, 2004). Pay is considered as most important cost item for the business organization, and basic source of income for the employees working in the organization. In other words, pay is also known as relationship of exchange between the employer and employee. In this exchange employees sell their skills and time to the employer and in return employer provides compensation to the employees. Generally, this exchange is shaped as per the four alternative norms such as maximization of profit, equity, fairness, and need of employees. Applicable rules for the purpose of determining the pay from the perspective of business ethics changed as peer the characteristics of society. Generally, values and sources related to religious highlight the concept of equity as more effective and efficient approach, and this approach mainly support the equality, contribution, effort, and fairness. Previously, different studies are conducted by the experts and these studies stated that variables of demographic nature (a ge, education, profession, and gender), organizational factors (size of the organization and systematic compensation management system), and organizations social and cultural values directly affects the rules related to pay determination. From ethical point of view, key factor related to the compensation management is the payment of equal remuneration for equal work, and difference in the remuneration related to the value of work (Cascio, 2010). In context of ethical management perspective the main issues related to equal pay are equality of pay at external level. Additionally, remuneration related to the business ethics is sometime not fall under the scope of legal requirements, because it might be possible that some applications may not be legal but they are ethical in nature. From the point of view of business ethics, first stage related to the establishment of compensation management system is development of objectives related to remuneration and specifies structure related to pay, pay system, and duties and responsibilities related to the remuneration. In 1989, Strasbourg Summit introduces special European social cause, and this clause is considered as important clause while developing remuneration objectives and policies. Additionally, in 1999, OECD proposes different policies and these policies are revised, recognized, and adopted worldwide in 2004. These policies specify policies and objectives related to the organization pay. Generally, two questions are asked by the employee in context of compensation, and these questions are related to fundamental rights of the employees. First question states whether payments made by employer to the employees are fair and the second question states in which manner employees can compare their pay to other employees in the enterprise, region, and industry? Above stated questions provide guidance to the organization for establishing objectives and policies in terms of remuneration. Additional aspects in this context are profitability, pay costs, competitiveness, and remuneration which are paid to employees so that employees are able improve their daily live and secure their future. In ethical manner, ideal remuneration related to the objectives and policies satisfy the needs of the employees and motivate them and this is done by complying with the approaches related to the utilitarianism, reliability, integrity, legal compliance, equity, balance, timeliness, objectivity, and clarity (Demir ACAR, 2014). Values adopted by organization for ethical decision making: There are number of approaches which can be adopted by the organization for ensuring ethical decision making in the organization and some of these approaches are stated below: Ethical programs: organizations can implement the program related to the compliance and ethics for the purpose of guiding the decision making and behavior of the employees. It must be noted that for managing the risk in the organization it is necessary to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements and the organizations own policies. Monitoring and maintenance of compliance are not just to keep the regulators happy, but it is the path through which organizations can maintain its ethical health and promote its values. Programs related to compliance and ethics not only promote values, but it also provides support to the objectives of the business. These programs also set boundaries for organization in context of their legal and ethical behavior. It frame the system which alert the management of the organization whenever organization getting close to cross the legal and ethical boundary (Kidder, n.d.). Whistleblower protection: whistleblower is the person who blow whistle in the ears of the management of the organization. In other words, whistle blower tells the public or the organization authorities about the alleged misconduct occurring in the organization. This alleged misconduct is occurred in different forms such as violation of any law, rule, or regulation, etc. whistle blowers can make their allegation against internal or external management, etc. there are number of organizations which ensure protection of the whistleblowers by establishing accurate framework for this purpose. Role of mangers: another most important aspect in this is the role played by managers in the ethical decision making. Managers must ensure that they are conducted ethical and legal behavior in the organization because if they conduct such behavior it becomes trend of the organization and ensure ethical decision making (Lumen, n.d.). Conclusion: After considering the above facts, it can be said that organization must establish appropriate framework which ensure equal pay to the employees for equal pay. Equal pay is not only the legal compliance but it is also an ethical compliance. It reflects the moral and ethical values of the organization. References: Bloom, M. (2004). The ethics of compensation systems. Journal of Business Ethics, 52(2), 149-152. Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing human resources (8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Demir, R. ACAR, A. (2014). Compensation Management System from a Business Ethics Perspective, Turkish Journal of Business entry, Volume 7(1), Pp 133-148. Fair Work Act-2009. FWC. General protections dismissal. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.fwc.gov.au/termination-employment/general-protections-dismissal. FWO. Gender pay equity. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/best-practice-guides/gender-pay-equity. FWO. Protections at work. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/rights-and-obligations/protections-at-work. Human Rights. Equal Pay Handbook. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/sex_discrim/equal_pay.pdf. Joseph, S. What Are the Benefits of Equal Pay for Women Men?. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-equal-pay-women-men-11771.html. Kidder, E. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/39590_Chapter7.pdf. Lumen. Maintaining Ethical Standards. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/maintaining-ethical-standards/. Mondaq, (2012). General Protections in the Fair Work Act - Best Practice Guide. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/200446/employee+rights+labour+relations/General+Protections+in+the+Fair+Work+Act+Best+Practice+Guide. SMH, (2010). Equal pay is the law, but it is not yet a reality. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/equal-pay-is-the-law-but-it-is-not-yet-a-reality-20100302-pg9m.html. WGEA. Pay equity and legal risk management. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/Legal-framework-and-pay-equity.pdf. Workplace ethics advice, (2011). Pay Equality in the Workplace. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.workplaceethicsadvice.com/2011/08/this-piece-was-first-posted-on-my-ethics-sage-blog-on-july-28-since-it-has-particular-application-to-workplace-thics-i-wa.html.